FINANCIAL CONCEPTS

Understand the concept.
Make a better decision.

Plain-language guides for founders, SMEs and finance teams. Each connects a financial idea to a worked example, a management question and a practical next step.

CASH & WORKING CAPITAL

Why profit is not the same as cash

A profitable month can still leave the bank account under pressure.

CASH & WORKING CAPITAL

Understanding the working-capital cycle

Connect customer collections, stock and supplier payments to cash tied up in operations.

CASH & WORKING CAPITAL

How to build a useful 13-week cash forecast

Make near-term cash decisions using dated receipts, commitments and explicit assumptions.

COMMERCIAL PERFORMANCE

EBITDA, adjusted EBITDA and earnings quality

Understand the measure, reconcile adjustments and avoid treating earnings as cash.

FUNDING & FINANCE

Enterprise value versus equity value

The value of the operating business and the value attributable to shareholders are different questions.

MANAGEMENT REPORTING

Budget vs actual: from variance to action

Explain the business driver behind a difference instead of restating the percentage.

COMMERCIAL PERFORMANCE

Margin, markup and contribution

Three related measures answer different pricing and profitability questions.

PLANNING & FP&A

Break-even and margin of safety

Estimate the sales needed to cover a defined cost base, then test the assumptions.

COMMERCIAL PERFORMANCE

Customer concentration: more than a revenue percentage

Understand how a small number of customer relationships could affect cash, margin and continuity.

FUNDING & FINANCE

Debt service and covenant headroom

Track the contractual test and the cash payment schedule as separate obligations.

PLANNING & FP&A

Capex decisions: NPV, IRR and payback

Evaluate the timing and risk of incremental cash flows before approving an investment.

MANAGEMENT REPORTING

What makes a CFO management report useful?

A decision-oriented pack connects evidence, interpretation and follow-through.

START WITH ONE FINANCIAL QUESTION

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